i shall refresh my memory here for geog, and here's introducing to you my good friend, the DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL!

Stage 1: High Stationary Stage
-usually associated with pre modern times, high BR, high DR
High BR : high fetility rate
High DR : lack of knowledge on preventions and cures for diseases, poor living environment(outbreaks of infectious diseases), and occasional food shortages.
-overall, slow population growth

e.g. Ethiopia

Stage 2: High/Early Expansionary Stage
-urbanising/industrialising times, high BR, faling DR
Falling DR: significant improvement in public health, improvement in agricultural practices(Agricultural Revolution, 18 C.), not much medical breakthrough
-youthful population
-population explosion
e.g. Bangladesh (:

Stage 3: Low/Late Expansionary Stage
-mature industrial times, falling BR, low DR
Falling BR: due to low infant mortality rates
-change in traditional values on fertility
-advancement in technology, contraceptives
-increase in female literacy and employment rates

-fetility rates may fall below replacement rates by overall natural increase in population due to population momentum

e.g. China

Stage 4: Low Stationary Stage
-post industrial times, low BR, low DR
-ageing population
-stable population growth
-fertility rates may fall beyod replacement levels, population declines rapidly

e.g. Singapore, USA

Stage 5: Low Declining stage
-when DR exceeds BR
-population declines rapidly
-aged population

e.g. Japan

TADA!